Article Figures & Data
Figures
- FIG 1
Culture-dependent and -independent analysis of Analog habitat surface samples. (A) Abundance of cultivable bacteria and fungi. Each dot in a column represents Analog habitat location sampled. No statistically significant differences in abundances were observed among flight missions and between bacteria and fungi (one-way ANOVA, P > 0.01). (B) The relative light unit (RLU) values for ATP counts for total ATP (small circles) and intracellular ATP (small squares). No statistically significant differences in abundances were observed among flight missions and between bacteria and fungi (one-way ANOVA, P > 0.01). (C) The qPCR-based microbial burden (total; non-PMA and viable; PMA) of various Analog habitat surface sample. The gene copies were measured by targeting 16S rRNA gene (bacteria) and ITS gene (fungi).
- FIG 2
Multidimensional scaling plots of 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing data. NMDS ordination showing 99% confidence interval ellipses of non-PMA-treated (left panels) and PMA-treated (right panels) grouped based on surface material (A) and site categories (B). The various samples collected from across the Analog habitat are indicated by dots, and the closer the dots are to each other, the more similar their bacterial composition is in terms of types and number of bacteria.
- FIG 3
Relative abundances of bacteria detected by 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing. The relative abundances of bacterial taxa identified in various samples across the Analog habitat were visualized by bar plots. Each bar represents a specific sample, and each colored box represents a particular taxon. The height of the colored box represents the relative abundance of that particular taxon within the sample. Taxa present in less than 1% abundance in a given sample are displayed in the “remaining fraction” at the top of the graph (gray box). The legend is read from bottom to top, with the bottom taxon in the legend corresponding to the bottom taxon on the graph. Non-PMA treated samples are displayed in panel A, and the PMA-treated samples are displayed in panel B.
- FIG 4
Differential bacterial composition among various types of surfaces. Pie chart of the relative abundances of bacteria detected in the Analog habitat. The sequences obtained were summarized to the genus level. In total, 52 taxa were detected, but only the 10 most abundant taxa are displayed in the legends. The pie graphs are separated based on the site categories: LDP samples (left panels) and metal/glass (right panels) and treatment groups, no PMA (A) and PMA (B).
- FIG 5
Metagenomic sequencing analysis of the Analog habitat. Cluster dendrogram of Euclidean distances was performed on non-PMA-treated (A, top) and PMA-treated samples (B, top). NMDS ordination showing the 95% confidence interval ellipse based on Unifrac distances in the matrix of all microbial species (bacteria and fungi) from both non-PMA-treated (middle left panel) and PMA-treated (middle right panel) samples. Similar treatment was performed for all bacterial species and NMDS ordination plots are depicted for non-PMA-treated (bottom left panel) and PMA-treated (bottom right panel) samples. The samples collected from various Analog habitat surfaces were indicated by various color circles.
- FIG 6
Metagenomic sequencing analysis of bacteria of the Analog habitat. Heat map showing the relative abundance of each antimicrobial-associated gene (top) and virulence-associated genes (bottom) detected in each sample collected.
- FIG 7
Locations and sampling tool kit feature for surface sampling. (A) Cantilever swab tool kit storage canister box (a) and swab head attached to the cantilever tool kit (b). (B) Two-dimensional (2D outline) of the Analog habitat and sampling locations (E1 to E16). (C) Photographs of Analog habitat sampling locations. The red circles indicated the areas where the samples were collected.
Tables
- TABLE 1
Description of the sampling locations of the Analog habitat and its description
- TABLE 3
Bacterial phyla retrieved from various surfaces of the Analog habitat
FIG S1
Checkerboard plot and phylogenetic tree based on 16S rRNA sequences of various bacterial strains isolated from the Analog habitat. Download FIG S1, PDF file, 0.1 MB.
Copyright © 2020 Malli Mohan et al.
This content is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license.
FIG S2
Checkerboard plot and phylogenetic tree based on 16S rRNA sequences of various fungal strains isolated from the Analog habitat. Download FIG S2, PDF file, 0.1 MB.
Copyright © 2020 Malli Mohan et al.
This content is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license.
DATA SET S1
Table of reads of amplicon sequences summarized to the genus level. Download Data Set S1, XLSX file, 0.02 MB.
Copyright © 2020 Malli Mohan et al.
This content is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license.
FIG S3
Relative abundances of microbial taxa (genera to higher taxonomy level [A] and fungal genera [B]) identified in PMA-treated and non-PMA-treated samples of the Analog habitat were visualize by bar plots. Download FIG S3, PDF file, 0.1 MB.
Copyright © 2020 Malli Mohan et al.
This content is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license.
FIG S4
Heat map showing the relative abundance of metabolism-associated genes detected in each sample collected. Download FIG S4, PDF file, 0.1 MB.
Copyright © 2020 Malli Mohan et al.
This content is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license.
DATA SET S2
Table of reads of shotgun metagenome sequences summarized to the family level. Download Data Set S2, XLSX file, 0.1 MB.
Copyright © 2020 Malli Mohan et al.
This content is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license.
